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PromptThere have been 118 different elements recognized in chemistry. Out of those only 25 elements are involved in our body structures and functions.-Which are the most and least important ones and why?
Atoms, Molecules, and Life
The level of organizations starts with atoms. Atoms represent the basic unit of an element that
carries that element nucleus. Neutrons (n) carry no charges and are also located in the nucleus of
the atom. Electrons (e-) negatively charged particle that is located in electron shells around the
nucleus. The electron shells are also known energy levels in which each of them can carry a
designated number of electrons, the first will hold only two electrons, after that each level can
hold up to eight electrons.
118 elements are recognized with unique properties of each of them that allow us to differentiate
between them. The atomic number is unique for element, this represents the total number of
protons present in the nucleus of that element, and it should be equal to the number of the
electron in orbit which make the atom balance in the charges and carry a zero charge. The second
is the atomic mass or weight, this represents everything present in the nucleus the protons and
the neutrons. There are no two elements that have the same atomic number and atomic mass. The
next method to recognize elements is to used the alphabet to represent them in a chemical
formula rather than write the complete name, this uses the first letter in a capital case, but several
elements may have the same letter, to avoid confusion the next letter is used in lower case for
example for Carbon we used (C), for Calcium is (Ca) and for Cupper is (Cu).
Isotopes
When the atoms of that element have different atomic mass due to having extra neutrons, the
isotopes are not stable and start to emit that entire extra neutron via energy-rich particles known
as the alpha, beta, and gamma. The emitting is recognized as radioactivity. Radioactive elements
are very beneficial in our life they have been utilized in many applications such as medical use in
X-ray and CT scans, they are also used in other industries. Carbon has threeunit2mo1.jpg
different isotopes C12, C13, and C14 they are important in carbon coding for fossils’ discovery.
Naturally, elements atoms are balanced because of the equality between electrons and protons,
but they are not stable because the outer electron orbit is not full with electrons, they will seek
that stable state and thus be involved in different chemical interactions resulting in compounds.
The interactions can be Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen attractions. The resulted molecules have
different ratios depending on the atoms, a molecule of Oxygen O2 has a ratio of 1:1, and a
molecule of glucose C6H12O6 will have a ratio of 1:2:1. A molecule that is composed of
different atoms is called a compound.
Ionic Bonds
Atoms that are not stable because the outer shell is not full will start to be active to reach that
stable state known as the octet rule. Some atoms to be stable they have to lose and others will
gain electrons when an atom gains or loses electrons it becomes unbalance in the number of
negatively charged electrons to the positively charged proton and that is recognized as an ion. If
the atom loses an electron it will have a more positive charged proton and thus; becomes
positively charged and called a cation, on the other hand, atoms that gain electrons become
negatively charged and will be called an anion. The creations of the action and anion create
attraction between different charged atoms creating ionic chemical bonds. For example, if we
look at the sodium atom Na that has an atomic number of 11, and the Chlorine atom with an
atomic number 17. When we distribute the electrons for the Na we will have 2e in the first orbit,
8e in the second, and only 1e in the outer is a valiance because it is not full, the Na will be
looking to lose this electron to be stable, when that happened Na become positively charged
cation, on the other hand looking at Cl the distribution gives us 2e, 8e and 7e in the outer orbit it
is also not stable and looking to gain electron which will make it negatively charged anion, when
the Na cation is facing the Cl anion attractions between the negative and positive charges will
bring them together creating the ionic bond. The ionic bond happened only between different
kinds of atoms.
Covalent Bonds
When atoms are not at the octet state and they are looking to be stable, but what will happen if
atoms that are together none of them are looking to lose electrons and only looking to gain an
electron, this means that they can’t form ions and no ionic bonds. Atoms at this state they have to
find another mechanism for reaching the stable state, this will be the covalent bond. Covalent
bond means sharing the electrons between atoms, this will be established via two different kinds
of covalent, first let us look at the Non-Polar Covalent bond this happened between atoms of the
same kind such as between two hydrogens and can range from one to four. If we look at
hydrogen with atomic number 1, the distribution of electron gives us one electron in the first
orbit and one is missing thus it is not stable, if the second hydrogen is present with the same
condition they can’t lose thus they will place the electron in the midpoint between their nuclei
and because they have the same number of a proton the electron will be under the same pull of
equal proton, and the electron is shared equally between the two, this is non-polar, two oxygen’s
will shared two electrons each, two nitrogens will share three electrons each. This means that the
covalent bond will be nonpolar and the electron are equally shared only between atoms of the
same kind. What happened if atoms of different kinds are meeting each other’s this will result in
sharing the electrons unequally and thus the atom with more positive charged protons will have
more forces and attraction on the electrons and will bring them closer to its orbits and away from
the smaller atom. This unequal share creates a slightly negative environment over the larger atom
and slightly positive over the smaller atoms and is called Polar Covalent bonds, this can be seen
in water molecule H2O when the Oxygen with an atomic number of 8 and atomic mass of16
shared electron with two single hydrogens each of them with an atomic number of 1 and atomic
mass of 1, the attractions exerted from the oxygen over the electrons will be greater than the two
hydrogen’s, the oxygen will be slightly negative and the hydrogens are slightly positive. These
kinds of covalent bonds take place only between atoms of different kinds.
Hydrogen Bonds
This a very week of attractions compares to ionic and covalent bonds, this also does not
happened between singlebiounit2molecules.jpg atoms rather it take place between molecules.
For example, different molecules of water are close to each other’s attractions start between the
slightly positive parts of one molecule and the slightly negative part of the second. The hydrogen
attractions are very important instability of organic molecules such as proteins and lipids.
Hydrogen attractions are very sensitive to temperature, at a high temperature they become
stretched and weaker taken the molecules further apart, if we look at ice the temperature is very
low and the water molecule are very close to each other’s and hydrogen attractions are strong
when you heat the ice the temperature increase and the hydrogen attractions become weaker and
the molecules start to move from each other, increase the temperature they will be completely
broken and will give us gas. This gives the water molecules a very special property as the best
solvent for all hydrophilic compounds that can be dissociated and dissolved in water, fat
compound is called hydrophobic and will not dissolve in water. Water molecules also have good
surface tension, which allowed them to stick to surfaces.
Acid, Base, and Neutral Chemicals
All substances that are hydrophilic in water and go in a solution, as they are in the water the
substances that start to release a hydrogen ions H+ into the solution is recognized as an acid, the
strength of the acid is dependent on the level of H+ released in the solution a strong acid will
release so many. Another kind of substance when placed in water solution they will release OHions this is known as a base and the stronger base is the one that releases more of the OH- into
the solution. The level of acid/base can be measured by using the PH scale which a system that
detects the level of H+ and OH-. It ranges from 0-14, from zero to seven is acidic with lower
number acid will be stronger, and from seven to fourteen is a basic and the higher the number the
stronger the base. At the midpoint the system is neutral. A buffer system is used to control the
level of acid or base environment. For example, if we have an acid in water such a hydrochloric
acid in the stomach releasing H+ in the solution, if we need to counter it we add a base such as
sodium hydroxide NaOH which will be disassociated and at this point, we have H+ and OH- in
the solution resulting in water H2O, and the Cl- will react with Na+ resulting in sodium chloride,
some buffer systems can be used to reduce or increase the pH level in the solution.
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